helping verb

조동사 특징 

1. 조동사는 다양한 의미를 갖는다. (확실성, 가능성, 의지, 의무, 필요, 능력, 등등)
2. 조동사는 형태가 변하지 않는다. ('-s', '-ed', '-ing')
3. 조동사 뒤에 위치한 동사는 반드시 기본 형태이다. (She can speak English.)

 

조동사 종류

1. 조동사: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must
2. 조동사 같은 동사: dare, ought to, had better, need not 

 

'Must'

• You must stop when the traffic lights turn red. (의무)
• He must be very tired. He's been working all day long. (확신)
• You must not smoke in the hospital. (금지)

 

'Can'

• I can swim. (능력)
• Can I use your phone, please? (허가)
• Smoking can cause cancer. (가능성)

 

'Could'

• When I was younger I could run fast. (과거의 능력)
• Excuse me, could I just say something? (허가; 공손한 표현)
• It could rain tomorrow! (가능성)

 

'May'

• May I use your phone, please? (허가)
• It may rain tomorrow! (가능성)

 

'Might'

• I might go on holiday to Australia next year. (가능성)

 

'Need not'

• I need not buy tomatoes. There are plenty of tomatoes in the fridge. (불필요)

 

'Should / ought to'

• I should / ought to see a doctor. I have a terrible headache. (50% 의무)
• You should / ought to revise your lessons. (조언)
• It should be 5 minutes away. (가능성)

 

'Had better' 

• You'd better revise your lessons. (충고)

 

조동사 have -ed

조동사는 단어 자체의 형태가 변하지 않기 때문에 과거 의미를 전달 할 때는 '조동사 have -ed' 형태를 사용한다:

• You should see a doctor. (현재)
• You should have seen a doctor. (과거)

 

'의무' '능력', 그리고 '불필요' 의미를 표현하는 조동사는 예외이다:

• I must / have to work hard. (현재)
• I had to work hard. (과거)
• I can run fast. (현재)
• I could run fast when I was young. (과거)
• You don't have to / needn't take your umbrella. (현재)
• You didn't have to / didn't need to take your umbrella. (과거)

 

'의무'

• You must / have to stop when the traffic lights are red. (현재)
• You had to stop. (과거)

 

'조언 / 충고'

• You should see a doctor. (현재)
• You should have seen a doctor. (과거)

'금지'

• You mustn't smoke here. (현재)
• You mustn't have smoked there. (과거)

 

'능력'

• I can run fast. (현재)
• I could run fast. Now I am old. (과거)

 

'확신'

• He has a Rolls Royce. He must be very rich. (현재)
• He must have been rich. He had a big house and an expensive car. (과거)
• He can't be American. His English is terrible. (현재)
• He can't have written that poem. He was illiterate. (과거)

 

'허가'

• Can I go out? (현재)
• She could drive her father's car when she was only 15. (과거)

 

'가능성'

• It may / can / could / might rain. It's cloudy. (현재)
• I guess it may / can / could / might have been Sara on the phone. (과거)

 

'불필요'

• You don't have to / needn't buy any tomatoes. There are plenty in the fridge. (현재)
• You didn't have to / didn't need to buy tomatoes. (과거)