conditional if

Imagined conditions 

3가지 형태의 조건절이 있다:

• [The first conditional] If the weather improves, we’ll go for a walk. (It is possible or likely that the weather will improve.)
• [The second conditional] If the weather improved, we could go for a walk. (It is not likely that the weather will improve.)
• [The third conditional] If the weather had improved, we could have gone for a walk. (The weather did not improve – fine weather is therefore an impossible condition.)

 

 

Imagined conditions: the first conditional

미래의 일어날 수 있는 상황을 표현 할 때 'the first conditional'를 사용한다: 

• If the taxi doesn't come soon (조건절), I'll drive you myself (결과절; 미래). 

 

First conditional: 형태 

조건절은 현재 단순 시제를 의미하는 동사 형태를 사용하고 결과절은 미래의 가능성을 의미하는 조동사 (shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, etc.) 등을 흔히 사용한다:

• If he gets a job in Seoul, he'll have to get up early. It's a long drive.
• If Sujin rings, I might ask her to come over for dinner.

 

주의 사항

조건절에는 조동사를 사용하지 않는다:

• If a lawyer reads the document, we will see if we’ve missed anything important. (If a lawyer will read ...)

 

 

Imagined conditions: the second conditional

현재 혹은 미래의 가능성 있는 상황을 표현 할 때 'the second conditional'를 사용한다. 사실과는 거리가 있다는 것을 의미하기 위해 조건절에서는 동사의 과거형을 사용한다:

• If people complained, things would change. (People don’t complain at themoment.)

 

Second conditional: 형태

조건절은 과거 단순 시제를 의미하는 동사 형태를 사용하고 결과절은 과거에서 바라보는 미래의 가능성을 의미하는 조동사 (should, would, might, could)를 사용한다:

• If you asked her nicely, she would say yes, I'm sure.

 

주의 사항

'would'는 결과절에 사용한다:

• If you decided to take the exam, you would have to register by 31 March. (If you would decide to ...)

 

 

First and second conditional compared

'The first conditional'는 'the second conditional'보다 미래의 일어날 수 있는 가능성이 훨씬 높다는 것을 의미한다:

• If the flight's late, we'll miss our connection. (First conditional; it's possible or likely)
• I'll come and give a hand if you need help moving your stuff. (First conditional; it's possible or likely)
• If there were more buses, we would leave the car at home. (Second conditional; it is unlikely)
• He would buy a flat if he had the money for a deposit. (Second conditional; it is unlikely)

 

 

Imagined conditions: the third conditional

과거에 일어난 일 혹은 일어나지 않았던 일의 반대 되는 상황을 상상해 볼 때 'the third conditional'를 사용한다:

• If I had playedbetter, I would have won. (I didn’t play well and I didn’t win.)
• It would have been easier if George had brought his own car. (George didn’t bring his own car, so the situation was difficult.)

 

Third conditional: 형태 

조건절은 과거 완료 시제를 의미하는 동사 형태 'had + 과거분사'를 사용하고 결과절은 과거에서 바라보는 미래의 가능성을 의미하는 '조동사 (should, would, might, could) + have + 과거분사' 형태의 동사를 사용한다:

• If they had left earlier, they would have arrived on time.

 

주의 사항

'Would have 과거분사' 동사 형태는 결과절에 사용한다:

• If he had stayed in the same room as Dave, it would have been a disaster. (If he would have stayed ...)

 

 

Real conditionals

사실, 이미 일어난 상황, 혹은 일어날 가능성이 매우 높은 상황을 언급할 때 사용한다:

• If you park here, they clamp your wheels. (It is always true that they clamp your wheels if, or every time, you park here.)
• If I can’t sleep, I listen to the radio. (it is often true that I can’t sleep, so I listen to the radio)

'Real conditionals'이 현재 상황을 의미하는 경우 현재 단순 혹은 현재 진행을 조건절과 결과절에 사용할 수 있다. 과거 상황을 의미하는 경우 과거 단순 혹은 과거 진행을 조건절과 결과절에 사용할 수 있다:

 

현재 단순 + 현재 단순 

• If the weather is fine, we eat outside on the terrace. (Every time this happens, this is what we do.)

 

현재 진행 + 현재 단순 

• If the kids are enjoying themselves, we just let them go on playing till they’re ready for bed. (Every time this happens, this is what we do.)

 

현재 진행 + 현재 진행 

• If the economy is growing by 6%, then it is growing too fast. (If it is true that the economy is growing by 6%, then it is true that it is growing too fast.)

 

과거 단순 + 과거 단순 

• If my father had a day off, we always went to see my granddad. (Every time that happened in the past, that is what we did.)

 

과거 단순 + 과거 진행 

• Kevin always came in to say hello if he was going past our house. (Every time he was going past our house, that is what he did.)

 

결과절에 조동사를 사용할 수 있다:

• If we go out, we can usually get a baby sitter. (Every time we go out, it is usually possible to get a babysitter.)
• If we wanted someone to fix something, we would ask our neighbour. He was always ready to help. (Every time we wanted someone, we would ask our neighbour.)

 

 

Types of conditional: 요약

• If it snows, we get our skis out. (True; real; we do this every time it snows.) 
• If she gets the job, we’ll celebrate. (likely / possible; first; it is possible or likely she will get the job.)
• If we had more students, we would run the course. (less likely / less possible; second; it is less likely or unlikely that we will get more students.)
• If the rent had been lower, I would have taken the flat. (impossible; third; the rent was not low enough.)

 

 

If + should

우연히 혹은 실수로 일어날 수 있는 상황을 표현할 때 'if + should'를 사용한다:

• If you should bump into Carol, can you tell her I’m looking for her? (If by chance you bump into Carol.)
• If the government should ever find itself in this situation again, it is to be hoped it would act more quickly.

 

If + will / would

기꺼이 무엇을 한다는 의미 혹은 나중에 일어나는 결과를 표현할 때 'if  will / would'를 조건절에 사용할 수 있다:

• If Clare will meet us at the airport, it will save us a lot of time. (if Clare is willing to meet us)
• If you would all stop shouting, I will try and explain the situation!
• If it will make you happy, I’ll stay at home tonight. (If it is true that you will be happy as a result, I’ll stay at home tonight.)

어떤 조건과 관련해서 일어나는 결과에 대해 강한 의심을 할 때 'if + would'를 사용할 수 있다:

• If it really would save the planet, I’d stop using my car tomorrow. (If it really is true that the planet would be saved as a result, I would stop using my car, but I doubt it is true.)

 

 

Mixed conditionals

흔히, 과거에 일어났던 혹은 일어나지 않았던 상황이 현재에도 이어지거나 여전히 중요한 경우 'Mixed conditionals'를 사용한다. 조건절에는 'had + 과거분사' 결과절에는 'would'를 사용한다:

• If I hadn’t met Charles, I wouldn’t be here now. (I met Charles so I’m here now.)
• She wouldn’t still be working for us if we hadn’t given her a pay-rise. (We gave her a pay-rise so she is still working for us now.)